Polifenoles de las hojas de Stevia rebaudiana
(Bertoni) y sus propiedades funcionales.
Polyphenols from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)
leaves and their functional properties.
MYINT KZ, WU K, XIA Y, FAN Y, SHEN J, ZHANG P, GU J,
J Food Science, 85 (2) (2020) 240-248
The major polyphenol components from Stevia rebaudiana
(Bertoni) leaves (PPS) are chlorogenic acids, a polyphenol
family of esters, including hydroxycinnamic acids with
quinic acid, which possesses excellent hydrophilic antioxidant
activity and other therapeutic properties. As an abundant
byproduct during production of steviol glycosides, the
PPS would be a new antioxidantive food resource or additives
applied in foods and drugs with antidiabetic function.
Extracting PPS from S. rebaudiana (Bertoni) leaves together
with steviol glycosides would be an economic process,
which will change most operation process in current Stevia
factories. The quantification of PPS needs to be unified
for regulation. In view of the current regulation status
of polyphenols and extracts from Stevia, the PPS would
be ready to go to the market with few regulation barriers
in the near future. This review will summarize the analysis,
extraction, and some functional properties of PPS, such
as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory,
and anticancer.
Efectos del extracto de Estevia en la glucosa
postpandrial, la saciedad e ingesta energética:
ensayo cruzado de tres brazos.
Effects of Stevia Extract on Postprandial Glucose
Response, Satiety and Energy Intake: A Three-Arm Crossover
Trial.
FARHAT G, BERSET V, MOORE L,
Nutrients, 11 (12) (2019) E3036
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are suggested to lower
energy intake in the diet, but they have been paradoxically
involved in the epidemic of obesity and Type 2 diabetes.
Stevia is the least studied sweetener. This study aims
to investigate the effect of stevia on postprandial glucose
levels, appetite and food intake.
METHODS: 30 participants (20 females/10 males; 26.1 (10.56)
years; body mass index (BMI) 23.44 (3.42) Kg/m2) took
part in a three-arm crossover trial where they received
preloads of water, sugar (60 g) and stevia (1 g) on three
different days, followed by an ad libitum pizza lunch.
Breakfast was standardised. A one-day diet diary was collected
on each test day. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used
to assess subjective feelings of appetite. Blood glucose
samples were collected at 30-min intervals until 120 min
post lunch.
RESULTS: Energy intake did not significantly differ between
preloads for ad libitum meals (p = 0.78) and overall day
(p = 0.33). VAS scores for hunger and desire to eat (DTE)
were lower following stevia preload compared to water
(p < 0.05). After adjusting for the sugar preload and
calorie content, postprandial glucose levels did not significantly
differ between interventions.
CONCLUSION: Stevia lowers appetite sensation and does
not further increase food intake and postprandial glucose
levels. It could be a useful strategy in obesity and diabetes
prevention and management.
El glucurónido de esteviol,
un metabolito de los glicósidos de esteviol, estimula
potentemente la secreción de insulina en ratones.
Steviol glucuronide, a metabolite of steviol glycosides,
potently stimulates insulin secretion from isolated mouse
islets: Studies in vitro.GU W, REBSDORF A, ANKER C, GREGERSEN
S, HERMANSEN K, GEUNS JMC, JEPPESEN PB,
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, 2 (4) (2019)
1-9
AIMS: Steviol glycosides are the sweet components extracted
from medicinal plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, which
have antihyperglycaemic effects. Steviol glucuronide (SVG)
is the metabolite excreted in human urine after oral administration
of steviol glycosides. We aimed to clarify whether SVG
exerts direct insulin stimulation from pancreatic islets
and to explore its mode of action.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insulin secretion was measured
after 60 minutes static incubation of isolated mouse islets
with (a) 10-9-10-5 mol/L SVG at 16.7 mmol/L glucose and
(b) 10-7 mol/L SVG at 3.3-16.7 mmol/L glucose. Islets
were perifused with 3.3 or 16.7 mmol/L glucose in the
presence or absence of 10-7 mol/L SVG. Gene transcription
was measured after 72 hours incubation in the presence
or absence of 10-7 mol/L SVG.
RESULTS: SVG dose-dependently increased insulin secretion
from mouse islets with 10-7 mol/L exerting the maximum
effect in the presence of 16.7 mmol/L glucose (P <
.001). The insulinotropic effect of SVG was critically
dependent on the prevailing glucose concentration, and
SVG (10-7 mol/L) enhanced insulin secretion at or above
11.1 mmol/L glucose (P < .001) and showed no effect
at lower glucose concentrations. During perifusion of
islets, SVG (10-7 mol/L) had a long-acting and apparently
reversible insulinotropic effect in the presence of 16.7
mmol/L glucose (P < .05). Gene-transcript levels of
B2m and Gcgr were markedly altered.
CONCLUSION: This is the first report to demonstrate that
SVG stimulates insulin secretion in a dose- and glucose-dependent
manner from isolated mouse islets of Langerhans. SVG may
be the main active metabolite after oral intake of steviol
glycosides.
Nueva aplicación del edulcorante comercial
Rebaudiósido A como hepatoprotector: inducción
de la señal Nrf2.
New application of the commercial sweetener rebaudioside
a as a hepatoprotective candidate: induction of the Nrf2
signaling pathway.
WANG Y, LI L, WANG Y, ZHU X, JIANG M, SONG E, SONG Y,
European J Pharmacology, (2018)
A large population of drug candidates have failed "from
bench to bed" due to unwanted toxicities. We intend
to develop an alternative approach for drug discovery,
that is, to seek candidates from "safe" compounds.
Rebaudioside A (Reb-A) is an approved commercial sweetener
from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. We found that Reb-A protects
against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative
injury in human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2)
cells. Reb-A showed antioxidant activity on reducing cellular
reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels while
increasing glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase
and catalase activities. Reb-A treatment induced nuclear
factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) activation and
antioxidant response element activity, as well as the
expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone
oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Further mechanistic studies indicated
that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated
protein kinase (ERK), mitogen-active protein kinase (MAPK)
and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe) signaling was upregulated.
Thus, the present in vitro study conclusively demonstrated
that Reb-A is an activator of Nrf2 and is a potential
candidate hepatoprotective agent. More importantly, the
present study illustrated that seeking drug candidates
from "safe" compounds is a promising strategy.
Los
esteviolglicósidos mejoran la función de
las células beta y la sensacion del sabor a través
de la potenciación de la actividad del canal TRPM5.
Steviol glycosides enhance pancreatic beta-cell
function and taste sensation by potentiation of TRPM5
channel activity.
PHILIPPAERT K, PIRONET A, MESUERE M, SONES W, VERMEIREN
L, KERSELAERS S, PINTO S, SEGAL A, ANTOINE N, GYSEMANS
C, LAUREYS J, LEMAIRE K, GILON P, CUYPERS E, TYTGAT J,
MATHIEU C, SCHUIT F, RORSMAN P, TALAVERA K, VOETS T, VENNEKENS
R,
Nature Communications, 8 (2017) 1-16
Steviol glycosides (SGs), such as stevioside and rebaudioside
A, are natural, non-caloric sweet-tasting organic molecules,
present in extracts of the scrub plant Stevia rebaudiana,
which are widely used as sweeteners in consumer foods
and beverages. TRPM5 is a Ca2+-activated cation channel
expressed in type II taste receptor cells and pancreatic
ß-cells. Here we show that stevioside, rebaudioside
A and their aglycon steviol potentiate the activity of
TRPM5. We find that SGs potentiate perception of bitter,
sweet and umami taste, and enhance glucose-induced insulin
secretion in a Trpm5-dependent manner.
Daily consumption of stevioside prevents development of
high-fat-diet-induced diabetic hyperglycaemia in wild-type
mice, but not in Trpm5-/- mice. These results elucidate
a molecular mechanism of action of SGs and identify TRPM5
as a potential target to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes.
Los compuestos derivados de la Estevia atenúan
los efectos de la acumulación de grasa ectópica
en el hígado de ratones obesos: Studio transcriptómico
y metabolómico.
Stevia-derived compounds attenuate the toxic
effects of ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver of
obese mice: A transcriptomic and metabolomic study.
HOLVOET P, RULL A, GARCIA-HEREDIA A, LOPEZ-SANROMA S,
GEERAERT B, JOVEN J, CAMPS J,
Food Chemical Toxicology, 77 (2015) 22-33
There is a close interaction between type-2 diabetes,
obesity and liver disease. We have studied the effects
of the two most abundant Stevia-derived steviol glycosides,
stevioside and rebaudioside A, and their aglycol derivative
steviol on liver steatosis and the hepatic effects of
lipotoxicity using a mouse model of obesity and insulin
resistance. We treated ob/ob and LDLR-double deficient
mice with stevioside (10 mg·kg-1·day-1 p.o.,
n = 8), rebaudioside A (12 mg·kg-1·day-1
p.o., n = 8), or steviol (5 mg·kg-1·day-1
p.o., n = 8). We determined their effects on liver steatosis
and on the metabolic effects of lipotoxicity by histological
analysis, and by combined gene-expression and metabolomic
analyses. All compounds attenuated hepatic steatosis.
This could be explained by improved glucose metabolism,
fat catabolism, bile acid metabolism, and lipid storage
and transport. We identified PPARs as important regulators
and observed differences in effects on insulin resistance,
inflammation and oxidative stress between Stevia-derived
compounds. We conclude that Stevia-derived compounds reduce
hepatic steatosis to a similar extent, despite differences
in effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation
and oxidative stress. Thus our data show that liver toxicity
can be reduced through several pathophysiological changes.
Further identification of active metabolites and underlying
mechanisms are warranted.
Propiedades terapéuticas
de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.
Propriedades terapêuticas de Stevia
rebaudiana Bertoni. (In Portuguese)
ESTEVES A,
Revista de Fitoterapia, 14 (1) (2014) 39-47
Stevia rebaudiana is a shrub from South America
with sweetener capacity due to the presence of steviol
glycosides: stevioside and rebaudioside A. Currently,
is one of the safest and versatile sweetener whose consumption
is increasing, being a possible therapeutic alternative
in type 2 diabetes, hypertension and diarrhoea. Studies
referring to its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity
have also been published. Such properties are from its
constituents: steviol glycosides, tannins, fructooligosaccharides
and fatty acids obtained from extracts and from different
plant parts. More studies ere needed to better understand
the plant
activities.
Proceso de alta presión
en la mezcla de zumo de fruta endulzado con Stevia
rebaudiana: óptima conservación de
su calidad física y nutricional.
High pressure processing of fruit juice mixture
sweetened with Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni: Optimal
retention of physical and nutritional quality.
CARBONELL-CAPELLA JM, BARBA FJ, ESTEVE MJ, FRIGOLA A,
Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies,
18 (2013) 48-56
The impact of high pressure processing (HPP) technology
on physicochemical properties (color, browning index,
turbidity index), bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid,
total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, total carotenoids)
and antioxidant capacity of a fruit juice mixture (papaya
(32.5%, v/v), mango (10%, v/v) and orange (7.5%, v/v))
sweetened with Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni at different
percentages was studied. The experimental design comprised
a response surface methodology according to a central
composite face-centered design. The variable ranges were
300–500 MPa (pressure), 5–15 min (time), 0–2.5%
Stevia percentage. This design was used to determine the
optimal high pressure-Stevia concentration in order to
obtain the best retention of physicochemical and nutritional
quality in the beverage following high pressure. HPP conducted
at 300 MPa for 14 min led to a beverage with the greatest
presence of antioxidant compounds and total color differences
lower than 3.
Industrial relevance: There has been increasing interest
in the use of non-caloric sweeteners from plant sources,
among them is Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, due
to the growing evidence of its health benefits. Combined
mixtures of S. rebaudiana water extracts and
fruit juice can be a useful tool in order to provide new
food products with increased nutritional properties. Moreover,
high pressure processing (HPP) allows the acquisition
of drinks that keep their characteristics similar to the
fresh product. A deeper knowledge of the effect of HPP
on the nutritional and physicochemical characteristics
of these new beverages processed by HPP with regard to
unprocessed juices is necessary.
Actividades antiinflamatoria e inmunomodulatoria
del Esteviósido y Esteviol en las células
epiteliales del colon.
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities of Stevioside
and Steviol on Colonic Epithelial Cells.
BOONKAEWWAN C, BURODOM A,
J. Science of Food and Agriculture, (2013)
BACKGROUND: Stevioside is a natural noncaloric sweetener
isolated from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves.
We have proposed its effect on attenuation of TNF-a and
IL-1ß release in LPS-stimulated monocytes. In this
study, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities
of stevioside and its metabolite, steviol, on human colon
carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) were evaluated.
RESULTS: Stevioside and steviol, in the doses used in
this study, had no cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. Anti-inflammatory
activities of these two compounds were observed by potentially
suppressed LPS-mediated TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-6 release.
In addition, stevioside and steviol showed immunomodulatory
effects on I Ba activation and NF- B suppression in western
blotting.
CONCLUSION: Stevioside and steviol attenuate LPS-induced
pro-inflammatory cytokine productions by affecting cytokine
gene expression via I Ba/NF- B signalling pathway.
Potencial antimicrobiano de los extractos de
las hojas de Stevia rebaudiana contra las bacterias
implicadas en la caries dental.
Antimicrobial potential of extracts from Stevia rebaudiana
leaves against bacteria of importance in dental caries.
GAMBOA F, CHAVES M,
Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana - AOL, 25
(2) (2012) 171-175
In recent years, the antimicrobial activity of Stevia
rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extracts against a large
number of microorganisms has been evaluated, but not its
activity against microorganisms of importance in dental
caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial
activity of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf extracts against
cariogenic bacteria. Extracts were obtained from the dried
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves in hexane, methanol,
ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform. The antimicrobial
activity of the 5 extracts against 16 bacterial strains
of the genera Streptococcus (n= 12) and Lactobacillus
(n= 4) was evaluated by the well diffusion method. Minimal
inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts in hexane,
methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform on the
16 bacterial strains were respectively 30 mg/ml, 120 mg/ml,
120 mg/ml, 60 mg/ml and 60 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition
present at the MIC were variable, ranging from 9 mm to
17.3 mm. Our results suggest that inhibition zones with
a hexane extract are similar to those obtained with ethanol
and methanol, but the minimal inhibitory concentration
(30 mg/ml) is lower. For the four Lactobacillus species,
the inhibition zones obtained between 12.3 and 17.3 mm
were somewhat larger with ethyl acetate and chloroform
extracts, suggesting they were the most susceptible microorganisms.
Stevia rebaudiana - un regalo para los
diabéticos.
Stevia rebaudiana - a gift for diabetics.
KALPANA M, ANBAZHAGAN M, RAJENDRAN R,
Plant Archives, 11 (1) (2011) 1-3
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a natural sweetener
and the leaves of it are the sources of diterpene glycosides
namely stevioside and rebaudioside which are 300 times
sweeter than cane sugar. Among the stevioside and rebaudioside,
stevioside stands first in the sweetener form, utilization
and commercial value. In the present text, literatures
about S. rebaudiana, the forms its sweetener,
commercial value of S. rebaudiana and stevioside
and their nutritional advantages are discussed. It is
concluded that both S. rebaudiana and stevioside
are very safe when they are used as sweetener. They are
ideal for both diabetics and phenylketonuria (PKU) patients.
They are also good for obese persons who are intending
to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in their
diets. Moreover, no allergic reactions have been reported.
Actividad antioxidante y componentes bioactivos
de los extractos acuosos de la Stevia rebaudiana.
The antioxidant activity and the bioactive compound
content of Stevia rebaudiana water extracts.
KIM I-S, YANG M, LEE O-H, KANG S-N,
LWT - Food Science and Technology, 44 (5) (2011) 1328-1332
Stevia rebaudiana (SR), a chrysanthemum herb,
has been used as a vegetable-based sweetening additive
in health drinks and in other foods. This study was conducted
to investigate the antioxidant activity and the bioactive
compounds found in water extracts taken from SR leaves
and calli. Analysis of vitamins in the leaves showed that
folic acid (52.18 mg/100 g) was a major component, followed
by vitamin C. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents
were found to be 130.76 mg catechin and 15.64 mg quercetin
for leaves and 43.99 mg catechin and 1.57 mg quercetin
for cellus at mg of water extracts, respectively. Pyrogallol
was the major material among the phenolic compounds in
both leaf and callus extracts. Furthermore, our results
showed that the leaf extracts contained higher amounts
of free radicals, hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion
radical scavenging activities than those of the callus
extracts.
Actividad antitumor del extracto etanólico
de estevia sobre el carcinoma de Ehrlich inducido en ratones.
Effect of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni
ethanolic extract on anti-cancer activity of Erlisch’s
Ascites carcinoma induced mice
P RAJESH, V RAJESH KANNAN, M THAMBI DURAI,
Current Biotica, 3 (4) (2010) 549 - 554
Anti-cancer activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of
Stevia rebaudiana was determined inthe rat by
induced Erlisch’s Ascites carcinoma. At doses of
100 and 300 mg/kg/i.p., the extractinhibited proliferation
of cell count significantly (P<0.01) compared with
5-Fluoro Uracil (20mg/kg/i.p), which was used as the reference
standard drug. The S. rebaudiana showed itssignificance
by dose dependent manner.
Efecto de la estevia y la sacarosa sobre la formación
de la placa dental.
Stevia and sucrose effect on plaque formation.
DE SLAVUTZKY, SMB,
J. für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit,
5 (2) (2010) 213-216
An in vivo study was done by measuring the accumulation
of dental plaque after rinsing with a solution of 10%
sucrose four times daily during 5 days and comparing it
with a rinsing of 10% solution of Stevia rebaudiana
Bertoni four times a day, during 5 days a week. The accumulation
of dental plaque after rinsing with Stevia was 57, 82%
less than under rinsing with sucrose as measured by the
Silness-Löe index and 10, 40% less plaque when measured
by O’Leary index of plaque.
Esteviósido y compuestos relacionados:
beneficios terapéuticos más allá
del dulzor.
Stevioside and related compounds: therapeutic
benefits beyond sweetness.
CHATSUDTHIPONG V, MUANPRASAT C,
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 121 (1) (2009) 41-54
Stevioside, an abundant component of Stevia rebaudiana
leaf, has become well-known for its intense sweetness
(250-300 times sweeter than sucrose) and is used as a
non-caloric sweetener in several countries. A number of
studies have suggested that, beside sweetness, stevioside
along with related compounds, which include rebaudioside
A (second most abundant component of S. rebaudiana
leaf), steviol and isosteviol (metabolic components of
stevioside) may also offer therapeutic benefits, as they
have anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory,
anti-tumor, anti-diarrheal, diuretic, and immunomodulatory
actions. It is of interest to note that their effects
on plasma glucose level and blood pressure are only observed
when these parameters are higher than normal. As steviol
can interact with drug transporters, its role as a drug
modulator is proposed. This review summarizes the current
knowledge of the pharmacological actions, therapeutic
applications, pharmacokinetics and safety of stevioside
and related compounds. Although much progress has been
made concerning their biological and pharmacological effects,
questions regarding chemical purity and safety remain
unsolved. These issues are discussed to help guide future
research directions.
Efectos neuroprotectores del isosteviol contra
los daños provocados por una isquemia cerebral
focal por oclusión de la arteria cerebral media
en ratas.
The neuroprotective effects of isosteviol against
focal cerebral ischemia injury induced by middle cerebral
artery occlusion in rats.
XU D, DU W, ZHAO L, DAVEY AK, WANG J.
Planta Medica, 74 (8) (2008) 816-821
Occlusion of a cerebral artery impairs blood flow leading
to neuronal death. Reperfusion of the tissue is associated
with inflammation, increased reactive oxygen species,
necrosis and apoptosis. Hence, damage to the brain will
continue even after the blood flow is restored. Isosteviol
has been demonstrated to have protective effects against
ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the rat heart and
the current study was undertaken to determine whether
it is also effective in preventing IR injury in the brain.
Rats were divided into six groups: a sham-operation control
group and 5 IR groups that were pre-treated with either
isosteviol 5 mg.kg (-1), 10 mg.kg (-1), 20 mg.kg (-1),
nimodipine 5 mg.kg (-1), or saline. Cerebral ischemia
was induced for 2 hours. Twenty-two hours after re-perfusion
the rats were assessed for neurobehavioral deficit, infarct
volume, histological changes, and malondialdehyde, superoxide
dismutase (SOD), Bcl-2 and NF-kappaB levels in brain tissue.
Pre-treatment with isosteviol reduced infarct volume,
ameliorated cell death and infiltration of neutrocytes,
improved neuro-locomotor activity, increased SOD activity,
induced Bcl-2, suppressed lipid superoxidation and the
expression of NF-kappaB, and therefore retarded necrosis
and apoptosis of neurons and inflammation. These positive
effects were dose-dependent with an isosteviol dose of
20 mg.kg (-1), thus being as effective as nimodipine.
Estudios comparativos de los efectos antioxidantes
de un producto natural análogo al resveratrol -
trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahidroxi-4'-metoxiestilbeno - y el
resveratrol contra la oxidación y nitrificación
de biomoléculas en las plaquetas sanguíneas.
Comparative studies of the antioxidant effects
of a naturally occurring resveratrol analogue - trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene
and resveratrol - against oxidation and nitration of biomolecules
in blood platelets.
OLAS B, WACHOWICZ B, NOWAK P, STOCHMAL A, OLESZEK W, GLOWACKI
R, BALD E,
Cell Biology and Toxicology, 24 (4) (2008) 331-340
The action of two phenolic compounds isolated from the
bark of Yucca schidigera: trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-
methoxystilbene and its analogue - resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene,
present also in grapes and wine) on oxidative/nitrative
stress induced by peroxynitrite (ONOO(-), which is strong
physiological oxidant and inflammatory mediator) in human
blood platelets was compared. The trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene,
like resveratrol, significantly inhibited protein carbonylation
and nitration (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay method) in the blood platelets treated with peroxynitrite
(0.1 mM) and markedly reduced an oxidation of thiol groups
of proteins (estimated with 5,5'-dithio- bis(2-nitro-benzoic
acid)] or glutathione (measured by high performance liquid
chromatography method) in these cells. The trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene,
like resveratrol, also caused a distinct reduction of
platelet lipid peroxidation induced by peroxynitrite.
The obtained results indicate that in vitro trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene
and resveratrol have very similar protective effects against
peroxynitrite-induced oxidative/nitrative damage to the
human platelet proteins and lipids. Moreover, trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene
proved to be even more potent than resveratrol in antioxidative
tests. We conclude that the novel tested phenolic compound
- trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene isolated
from Yucca schidigera bark possessing Generally
Recognized As Safe label given by the Food and Drug Administration
and allows their human dietary use - seems to be a promising
candidate for future evaluations of its antioxidative
activity and may be a good candidate for scavenging peroxynitrite.
Nueva composición nutracéutica
que contiene extracto de Stevia o componentes de extracto
de stevia y usos del mismo.
Novel nutraceutical compositions containing Stevia
extract or stevia extract constituents and uses thereof.
FOWLER A, GORALCZYK R,
WO 2009/071277 (A1) - 2009-06-11
DSM IP ASSETS BV [NL] ; FOWLER ANN [CH] 2007
The invention relates to a novel nutraceutical composition
containing Stevia extract or its constituents, such as
steviol and stevioside, as active ingredient(s). The term
"nutraceutical" as used herein denotes usefulness
in nutritional, pharmaceutical and veterinary fields of
application. The compositions are useful for improvement
of cognitive functions, such as learning, memory and alertness,
and psychotic stability.
El Esteviósido mejora la función
de las células pancreáticas beta en casos
de glucotoxicidad, a través de la regulación
del Acetil-CoA.
Stevioside Improves Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function during
Glucotoxicity via Regulation of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase.
CHEN J, JEPPESEN PB, NORDENTOFT I, HERMANSEN K.
American J. Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism,
292 (6) (2007) E1906-E1916
Chronic hyperglycemia is detrimental to pancreatic beta-cells,
causing impaired insulin secretion and beta-cell turn
over. The characteristic secretory defects are increased
basal insulin secretion (BIS) and a selective loss of
glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Several recent
studies support the view that the acetyl-CoA carboxylase
(ACC) plays a pivotal role for GSIS. We have shown that
stevioside (SVS) enhances insulin secretion and ACC gene
expression. Whether glucotoxicity influences ACC and whether
this action can be counteracted by SVS are not known.
To investigate this, we exposed isolated mouse islets
as well as clonal INS-1E beta-cells for 48 h to 27 mM
or 16.7 mM glucose, respectively. We found that 48 h exposure
to high glucose impairs GSIS from mouse islets and INS-1E
cells, an effect that is partly counteracted by SVS. The
ACC dephosphorylation inhibitor, okadaic acid (OKA, 10-8
M), and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside
(AICAR, 10-4 M), an activator of 5-AMP protein kinase
that phosphorylates ACC, eliminated the beneficial effect
of SVS. 5-tetrade- cyloxy-2-furancarboxylic acid (TOFA),
the specific ACC inhibitor, blocked the effect of SVS
as well. During glucotoxity, ACC gene expression, ACC
protein, and pACC protein were increased in INS-1E beta-cells.
SVS pretreatment further increased ACC gene expression
with strikingly elevated ACC activity and increased glucose
uptake accompanied by enhanced GSIS. Our studies show
that glucose is a potent stimulator of ACC and that SVS
to some extents counteracts glucotoxicity via increased
ACC activity. SVS possesses the potential to alleviate
negative effects of glucotoxicity in beta-cells via a
unique mechanism of action. Key words: mouse islets, INS-1E
beta-cell line, carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 1, insulin
secretion, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Efecto del extracto de Yucca schidigera
sobre la fermentación y parámetros ruminales
en ovejas.
The Effect of Yucca schidigera Extract
on Ruminal Fermentation and Parameters Traits in Sheep.
LIU, C-L, LI, Z-Q, DU, J, SHAN, A-S,
Agricultural Sciences in China, 6 (1) (2007)
121-128
In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16
ruminally cannulated sheep (40±2.1 kg) fed a 50%
concentrate: 50% forage diet (DM basis) were given intraruminal
doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract (YSE).
Doses of 0 (control), 100, 200, or 300 mg kg-1 diet were
given at 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. On 15, 16, and 17 d of the
experimental period, ruminal contents were sampled 0,
2, 4, 6, and 8 h after dosing, and blood samples were
collected at the end of the experiment (18th and 19th
d). Acidity was not affected (P > 0.05) by the addition
of YSE. Compared with the control, ruminal propionate
concentration was increased by 29.4 and 29.8% (P >
0.05) and the acetic acid concentration was decreased
by 15.1 and 19.8% (P > 0.05) at 4 and 6 h after YSE
(300 mg kg-1) dosing, respectively. Ruminal ammonia concentration
in the first 2 h after feeding was higher (P < 0.05)
in the sheep that did not receive YSE (increased by 17.57
mg 100 mL-1) than in those that received 200 mg kg-1 (increased
by 6.77 mg 100 mL-1) or 300 mg kg-1 (increased by 6.50
mg 100 mL-1) YSE. Protozoan populations in the rumen were
lower (P < 0.05) in the animals that received 300 mg
kg-1 of YSE compared with the control. All serum parameters
of the four groups were in the normal range and were similar
among the treatment groups (P > 0.05), after being
fed for 19 d with different doses of YSE. The effect of
YSE on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from
a decreased concentration of protozoan populations and,
presumably, from ammonia binding by YSE.
Efecto de la inclusión de saponina de
Yucca schidigera en mezclas de concentrados de
bagazo de cervecería, sobre la ingesta y eficiencia
nutricional en carneros con una dieta basada en "hierba
batiki".
Effect of Yucca schidigera Saponin Powder on
Dry Matter Intake and Nutrient Utilization of Dry Brewers'
Grains Based Concentrate Mixtures by Rams on a Basal Batiki
Grass Diet.
AREGHEORE, EM, SAIPAIA, M,
World J. Agricultural Sciences, 3 (2) (2007)
224-229
Four rams (Fiji Fantastic sheep) pre-trial Body Weight
(BW) of 42.8±1.4 kg and 2 years old on a basal
diet of batiki grass (Ischaemum aristatum var indicum)
were allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized
4×4 Latin Square design, to investigate the effect
of inclusion of Yucca schidigera Saponin Powder
(YSP) in Dried Brewers’ Grains (DBG) based concentrate
mixtures on dry matter intake, live-weight gain Daily
Protein Intake (DPI) and nutrient digestibility. YSP was
added at four different levels-0 mg, 90 mg, 120 mg and
160 mg to the concentrate mixture and four dietary treatments
designated as D -0 mg YSP (Control); D -90 mg YSP; 1 2
D -120 mg YSPand D -160 mg YSP were fed to the rams. The
inclusion of the YSP numerically improved the 3 4 voluntary
intake of the concentrate mixtures but not at statistical
significant (p>0.05) level. Voluntary intake of the
forage portion was higher in rams on D4, however this
was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Total Dry
Matter Intake (DMI) (concentrate +forage) followed the
pattern of forage intake. DMI expressed on metabolic weight
basis was 234.1, 235.2, 239.1 and 244.5 g kgG W /day for
D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Total DMI 1 0.75 improved
numerically with incremental levels of Yucca schidigera
saponin powder (p>0.05). Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG)
was lower (p<0.05) in rams on D1. DLWG improved in
rams on D2, D3 and D4 that had YSP included at different
levels in the concentrate mixtures, however, this was
not statistically significant (p>0.05). Feed Efficiency
(FE) (g feed/g gain) was lower (p<0.05) in the rams
on D1 than those on D2, D3 and D4. Apparent digestibility
of CP improved numerically, with incremental levels of
YSP in the concentrate mixtures but not at a significant
level (p>0.05). Daily Protein Intake (DPI) was 9.8,
12.9, 13.6 and 14.2 (g kgG W/day) 1 0.75 for rams on D1,
D2, D3 and D4, respectively. The inclusion of YSP in the
DBG based concentrate mixtures at the different levels
improved voluntary DMI, FE, DPI, CP digestibility and
subsequently DLWG. Based on the above, it is hereby
suggested that levels higher than 160 mg used in this
trial should be evaluated in DBG based concentrate mixtures
for rams in further studies.
Efectos antiinflamatorios y antiartríticos de la Yucca
schidigera: Revisión.
Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Yucca
schidigera: a review.
CHEEKE, PR, PIACENTE, S, OLESZEK, W,
J. Inflammation, 3 (1) (2006) 1-7
Yucca schidigera is a medicinal plant native to
Mexico. According to folk medicine, yucca extracts have
anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effects. The plant
contains several physiologically active phytochemicals.
It is a rich source of steroidal saponins, and is used
commercially as a saponin source. Saponins have diverse
biological effects, including anti- protozoal activity.
It has been postulated that saponins may have anti-arthritic
properties by suppressing intestinal protozoa which may
have a role in joint inflammation. Yucca is also a rich
source of polyphenolics, including resveratrol and a number
of other stilbenes (yuccaols A, B, C, D and E). These
phenolics have anti-inflammatory activity. They are inhibitors
of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. NFkB stimulates
synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which
causes formation of the inflammatory agent nitric oxide.
Yucca phenolics are also anti-oxidants and free-radical
scavengers, which may aid in suppressing reactive oxygen
species that stimulate inflammatory responses. Based on
these findings, further studies on the anti-arthritic
effects of Yucca schidigera are warranted.
Aislamiento, identificación y caracterización de bacterias
efectivas en biorremediación de restos de Stevia rebaudiana
Bertoni.
Isolation, identification and characterization of
effective bacteria on bioremediation from the waste parts
of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.
OKAMOTO, K, SATOU, N,
Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 39 (3) (2006)
407-413
Four thermophilic strains were isolated by thermophilic
treatment (2 days at 55 °C) of the stevia-powder, and
were identified by the sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA
gene; Ureibacillus thermosphaericus (FERM P-20039),
Bacillus thermoamylovorans-1, B. thermoamylovorans-2
and Thermoactinomyces candidus. Since all of
them have nitrate-reducing and ammonium-forming ability,
it is highly possible that they can first produce nitrous
acid from nitrate followed by the generation of ammonium.
Only U. thermosphaericus had significantly large
growing ability in the medium contained 1000 ppm of "Lannate®-45
water lenitive" (carbamate insecticide) and 400 ppm of
"Ortran®" (organophosphorus insecticide) compared with
the same concentration-level in the contrast medium without
adding the pesticide.
El Rebaudiósido A estimula fuertemente la secreción
de insulina de islotes aislados de ratón: Estudios sobre
dependencia de la dosis, glucosa y el calcio.
Rebaudioside A potently stimulates insulin secretion
from isolated mouse islets: Studies on the dose-, glucose-,
and calcium-dependency.
ABUDULA, R, JEPPESEN, PB, ROLFSEN, SE, XIAO, J, HERMANSEN,
K,
Metabolism, 53 (10) (2004) 1378-1381
Extracts of leaves of the plant Stevia rebaudiana
Bertoni (SrB), have been used for many years in traditional
treatment of diabetes in South America. Stevia leaves
contain diterpene glycosides, stevioside and rebaudioside
A being the most abundant. Recently, it was demonstrated
that stevioside stimulates the insulin secretion both
in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, we wanted to elucidate
the influence of rebaudioside A on the insulin release
from mouse islets using static incubations, as well as
perifusion experiments. Rebaudioside A (10(-16) to 10(-6)
mol/L) dose-dependently stimulated the insulin secretion
in the presence of 16.7 mmol/L glucose (P <.05). The stimulation
of insulin release occurs at a concentration of 10(-14)
mol/L rebaudioside A, and maximal insulin response was
obtained at 10(-10) mol/L (P <.01). Rebaudioside A stimulates
insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner (3.3 to
16.7 mmol/L) and only potentiated insulin secretion at
glucose > 6.6 mmol/L. The effect of rebaudioside A is
critically dependent on the presence of extracellular
Ca(2+), ie, rebaudioside A-induced insulin stimulation
at high glucose disappears in the absence of extracellular
Ca(2+). In conclusion, rebaudioside A possesses insulinotropic
effects and may serve a potential role as treatment in
type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Efectos anticoagulantes de diferentes compuestos fenólicos
de la corteza de Yucca schidigera.
Anti-platelet effects of different phenolic compounds
from Yucca schidigera Roezl. Bark.
OLAS, B, WACHOWICZ B, STOCHMAL, A, OLESZEK, W,
Platelets, 13 (3) (2002) 167-173
Resveratrol (3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene) has been reported
to have a variety of anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic,
anti-fungal and anti-platelet effects. It occurs naturally
in different medicinal plants. Recently, resveratrol and
other related phenolic compounds including trans-3,3,5,5-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene
and yuccaols A and C were isolated from the bark of Yucca
schidigera. The aim of the present study was to evaluate
in vitro the effects of these compounds on platelet aggregation
induced by thrombin and ADP. Pretreatment of platelets
with resveratrol or other tested phenolics (1-25 g/ml)
slightly reduced platelet aggregation stimulated by 5
M ADP (P < 0.05) or 10 M ADP (P < 0.005). The comparison
of the inhibitory effects of tested compound in thrombin-induced
platelet aggregation revealed that phenolic showed even
stronger antiplatelet actions than resveratrol. These
compounds also had an inhibitory effect on the thrombin-induced
enzymatic platelet lipid peroxidation determined as the
level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.
Propiedades antioxidantes de los productos de Yucca
schidigera.
Antioxidant Properties of Yucca schidigera
Products.
OLESZEK, W, SITEK, M, STOCHMAL, A, CHEEKE, P,
in Biologically-Active Phytochemicals in Food.
(RSC, Special Publication, No. 269). PFANNHAUSER, W.,
et al. (Edit.) Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001 303-306
Yucca schidigera (Agavaceae) grows in the deserts
of Baja California. Its extract (condensed juice mechanically
pressed from the trunk) or powder (pulverized dry trunks)
are commonly used as additive in the cosmetic and soft
drink industries. They are regarded as a "generally recognized
as safe" (GRAS) products, approved by the Food and Drug
Administration as a food additive. They are also fed to
livestock and poultry to improve health and productivity.
It is believed that the main components of yucca products,
responsible for beneficial effect on animal performance
are steroidal saponins. They make up about 10% of yucca
trunk dry matter. Relatively little has been known on
the appearance of phenolics in yucca products. The only
report on this group of compounds in yucca indicated the
presence of resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene).
Resveratrol was first identified in the skin of grapes
and was recognized as one of the strongest natural antioxidant
responsible, at least in part, for the reduced risk of
cardiovascular disease in man from moderate consumption
of red wine. It shows also antimutagenic, cancer chemopreventive,
apoptosis inducing, dioxin preventing, antialergic and
phytoestrogen activities.
Identificación del Resveratrol y otros compuestos
fenólicos en la corteza de Yucca schidigera.
Resveratrol and other phenolics from the bark of Yucca
schidigera Roezl.
OLESZEK W, SITEK M, STOCHMAL A, PIACENTE S, PIZZA C, CHEEKE
P,
J. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001 Feb;49(2):747-752
Five phenolic constituents have been identified in Yucca
schidigera bark, and their structures were established
by spectral (FABMS and NMR) experiments. These included
two known stilbenes, trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol)
and trans-3,3',5,5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene, as
well as three novel compounds, yuccaols A, B, and C, with
spiro-structures rarely occurring in the plant kingdom.
It is suggested that yuccaols A-C are biosynthethized
via attachment of a stilbenic derivative to the carbocationic
intermediate of the oxidative flavanone-flavonol conversion.
Alcoholes grasos (C22-C38) para favorecer la formación
de Calcitonina.
HIROYUKI MATSUMOTO, MASARU FUNADA, SHOJI MASUKO,
Nippon Yushi K.K. JAPAN 05310563 A 19931122
PURPOSE: To obtain an enhancer for producing calcitonin
useful for treating osteoporosis, essential hypercalmia,
primary hyperthyreosis, vitamin D toxicosis, bone metastases
of cancer, etc.
CONSTITUTION: An enhancer for producing calcitonin comprises
one or more of 22-38C straight-chain saturated alcohols
such as octacosanol, tetracosanol or triacontanol as active
ingredients. The enhancer is optionally mixed with various
kinds of pharmaceutically permissible additives and pharmaceutically
manufactured into a dosage form of water dispersion, solid
substance or liposoluble liquid state. The dose is preferably
about 0.01-100mg/kg body weight for an intake of octacosanol.
The 22-38C straight-chain saturated alcohols are obtained
as a mixture of straight-chain saturated alcohols by extrecting
and purifying mainly from a wheat germ oil and a rice
bran oil. Higher the purity of octacosanol in the mixture
of straight saturated alcohols is higher are the effects
on production of calcitonin.